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Monday, September 20, 2010

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES IN ENGLISH


DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES IN ENGLISH

  
Abstract

            This paper describes morphemes which are the smallest units of language which have meaning, especially derivational morphemes. Derivation is one of the kinds of word formation. Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes or affixes  which derive or create new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both. English derivational morphemes can be classified into two namely derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes. Most of the English prefixes do not change part of speech although they are derivational. The derived words  undergo the change of meaning. On the contrary, Most of derivational suffixes change part of speech.



1. Introduction

            Language consists of two aspects namely form and meaning. In relation to meaning, the smallest meaningful unit in language is morpheme. Morpheme is defined as the smallest meaningful unit of a language (Lim Kiat Boey, 1975 : 37). Words are made up of morphemes. The word teachers, for example, consists of three meaningful units or morphemes, teach, –er,  and –s. The morpheme teach forming the word teachers has the lexical meaning; the morpheme –er means the doer of teaching; the morpheme –s has plural meaning. We can identify the meaning of the morpheme teach although it stands alone but we cannot identify the meaning of morphemes –er and –s in isolation. We can identify the meaning of the morpheme –er and –s after they combine to the morpheme teach. The morphemes which can meaningfully stand alone are called free morphemes while the morphemes such as –er and –s, which cannot meaningfully stand alone are called bound morphemes. Bound morphemes must be attached to free morphemes. Bound morphemes are also called affixes which can be classified into prefix, infix, and suffix. English only has two kinds of bound morphemes namely prefixes and suffixes. There are not infixes in English. Bound morphemes are classified into two namely derivational and inflectional morphemes. This article tries to discuss derivational morphemes. These morphemes are complicated so that understanding what derivational morphemes are is important.

2. Derivational Morphemes

            As mentioned above, bound morphemes consist of inflectional and derivational morphemes. Inflectional morphemes are those which do not create new meaning. These morphemes never change the syntactic category of the words or morphemes to which they are attached (Bauer, 1988: 12). They only refine and give extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning of words which they are attached to. The word books, for example, consists of a free morpheme book and an inflectional morpheme –s. The bound morpheme –s does not change the syntactic category of the morpheme book. The bound morpheme –s does not change the lexical meaning of book. It only gives grammatical meaning  which shows that the word books is plural. Book is a noun and books is still a noun.   
            Different from the word books which contains the bound morpheme –s which does not create new meaning of the word book, the word happiness contains a bound morpheme –ness  which creates new meaning of the word happy. The bound morpheme like –ness  is called derivational morpheme. A derivational morpheme is the morpheme which produces a new lexeme from a base (Bauer, 1988: 12). Sari (1988: 82) says that   derivational morphemes are bound morphemes which derive (create) new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both. In the word happiness, the bound morpheme –ness creates a new word by changing both the meaning and the part of speech. Happy is an adjective but the derived word happiness is a noun. Some derivational morphemes create new meaning but do not change the syntactic category or part of speech. The word unhappy, for example, consists of the base happy and the derivational morpheme (prefix) un-. Happy is an adjective and the derived word unhappy is also an adjective.
            In English, derivational morphemes can be prefixes or suffixes. All prefixes in English are derivational. All prefixes in English modify the meaning although they do not modify the syntactic category. For examples, the derivational prefix in- in inefficient, un- in undo, re- in rewrite, dis- in dislike and a- in amoral modify the positive meaning to the negative meaning but do not change the syntactic category of the derived words; efficient is an adjective and the derived word inefficient is also an adjective; do is a verb and the derived word undo is also a verb; write is a verb and the derived word rewrite is also a verb; moral is an adjective and the derived word amoral is also and adjective. All the derivational prefixes explained above have the meaning ‘not’. Most derivational suffixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning. Only a few of them do not change the syntactic category. The derivational suffixes which change the syntactic category can be noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, and adverb-forming suffixes.  

3. Types of English Derivational Morphemes

            The rule of thumb to identify that the bound morphemes are derivational is the occurrence of new meaning creation or new word creation of the derived words. In dictionaries the derivation word is generally listed as a separate word from its base. The new meaning or the new word which occurs in the derivation process can be accompanied by the change of part of speech or not. In other words some derivational morphemes, as described above, change the part of speech  and some of them do not change the part of speech. In English, derivational morphemes can be both the prefixes and suffixes.
            Based on the fact described above, the types of English derivational morphemes can be classified into two, derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes. The further description can be seen below:

3.1 Derivational Prefixes

            All prefixes in English are derivational so that all the prefixes in English create new meaning or create new words. The creation of new meaning can be accompanied by the change part of speech or not. Most prefixes do not change part of speech. The  prefix which changes the part of speech, for example, is the prefix en-. The prefix en- changes the bases into verbs. The word enlarge for example, consists of the prefix en- and the base large. The prefix en- changes the adjective large to the new verb enlarge. The prefix en-in the word endanger changes the noun to verb. The prefix a- in aside changes the noun side to the adverb aside. The other prefixes which do not change part of speech are explained as follows:

3.1.1 Prefix un-

            There are two kinds of the prefix un- in English. The first is attached to adjectives to form new adjectives, and the second is attached to verbs to form new verbs. The two kinds of the prefix un- do not change the part of speech. The prefix un- attached to adjectives means ‘not’. Fromkin (1990: 130) calls this derivation antonym or negative. Look at the following examples of prefix un- attached to adjectives:

            Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning

                                    (Adjective)                  (Adjective)
            un-                   able                             unable                         ‘not able’
            un-                   afraid                           unafraid                       ‘not afraid’
            un-                   aware                          unaware                      ‘not aware’
            un-                   fit                                 unfit                             ‘not ft’
            un-                   free                              unfree                          ‘not free’
            un-                   happy                          unhappy                      ‘not happy’
            un-                   important                     unimportant                 ‘not important’
            un-                   intelligent                     unintelligent                 ‘not intelligent’
            un-                   lucky                            unlucky                        ‘not lucky’
            un-                   smooth                         unsmooth                     ‘not smooth’
            un-                   true                              untrue                          ‘not true’

The prefix un- can also be added to the adjectives of the derived words that have been formed by morphological rules (Fromkin, 1990 : 130). The examples are as follows:

            Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning

                                    (Adjective)                  (Adjective)
            un-                   acceptable                   unacceptable               ‘not acceptable’
            un-                   avoidable                     unavoidable                 ‘not avoidable’
            un-                   believable                    unbelievable                ‘not believable’
            un-                   predictable                  unpredictable              ‘not believable’
            un-                   reachable                    unreachable                ‘not reachable’
            un-                   readable                      unreadable                  ‘not readable’
            un-                   sinkable                       unsinkable                   ‘not sinkable’
            un-                   touchable                     untouchable                 ‘not touchable’

Based on the examples above the rule of the prefix un- attached to adjectives can be stated as: {un-} + ADJECTIVE à new ADJECTIVE. This rule says that the prefix un- attached to an adjective creates a new adjective. The new adjective is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case the prefix un- means ‘not’
            The second prefix un- joins with verbs to form new verbs. In this case the prefix un- means ‘to do the opposite of ’ (Hornby, 1986: 935). The following are the examples of the prefix un- which combines with verbs:

            Prefix              Base                Derived word             Meaning

                                    (Verb)             (Verb)
            un-                   bind                 unbind                       ‘to do the opposite of binding’
            un-                   cover               uncover                     ‘to do the opposite of
           covering’
            un-                   do                    undo                          ‘to do the opposite  of doing’
            un-                   dress                undress                      ‘to do the opposite  of
           dressing’
            un-                   load                 unload                       ‘to do the opposite  of loading’
            un-                   lock                  unlock                        ‘to do the opposite of locking’
            un-                   tie                    untie                          ‘to do the opposite  of tying’

            From the examples above, the rule of prefix un- attached to verbs can be stated as: {un-} + VERB à new VERB. This rule says that  the prefix un- attached to a verb creates a new verb. The new verb is indicated by the change of meaning namely ‘to do the opposite of’.

3.1.2 Prefix in-
            The prefix in- is the derivational bound morpheme mostly attached to adjectives. This prefix does not change the part of speech either. The meaning of this prefix is ‘not’. Look at the examples below:

            Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning

                                    (Adjective)                  (Adjective)
            in-                    accurate                      inaccurate                   ‘not accurate’
            in-                    tolerant                        intolerant                     ‘not tolerant’
            in-                    efficient                        inefficient                     ‘not efficient’
            in-                    expensive                     inexpensive                  ‘not expensive’
            in-                    fertile                           infertile                        ‘not fertile’
            in-                    formal                         informal                       ‘not formal’
            in-                    legal                            illegal                          ‘not legal’
            in-                    moral                           immoral                       ‘not moral’
            in-                    perfect                         imperfect                     ‘not legal’
            in-                    polite                           impolite                       ‘not polite’
            in-                    complete                      incomplete                   ‘not complete’
            in-                    consistent                     inconsistent                  ‘not consistent’
            in-                    regular                        irregular                      ‘not regular’
            in-                    responsible                  irresponsible                ‘not responsible’
            in-                    relevant                       irrelevant                     ‘not relevant’

            From the examples above, the rule of prefix in- attached to adjectives can be stated as: {in-} + ADJECTIVE à new ADJECTIVE. This rule says that  the prefix in- attached to an adjective creates a new adjective. The new adjective is indicated by the change of meaning ‘not’ in the derived word. The prefix in- attached to nouns are very rare. The following are the examples of the prefix in- attached to nouns.

            Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning

                                    (Noun)                        (Noun)
            in-                    balance                        imbalance                    ‘absence of balance’
            in-                    decorum                      indecorum                   ‘lack of decorum’
            in-                    decision                       indecision                    ‘the state of being
  unable to decide’      

The morpheme in- is realized by different phonetic representations depending on the phonemes following it. The phonetic representation (pronunciation) is not always symbolized by the letters. The word incomplete, for example, which is the word formation of the prefix in- and the free morpheme complete, is pronounced / iŋkmpli:t/ when pronounced rapidly. The phone [ŋ] is not written.  
 The change of phonetic representation because of the meeting of phonemes in morphological process is called morphophonemic change. The morpheme in- which attaches to the bases with bilabial phonemes in initial position will change to im-. In other words, the morpheme in- will be pronounced im- if it meets the bilabial phonemes. The examples are as follows:

            Prefix              Base /bilabial/             Derived word

            in-                    balance                                    imbalance
            in-                    perfect                                     imperfect                    
            in-                    moral                                       immoral

The morphophonemic process of the prefix in- to im- is illustrated as: {in-} + base (initial bilabial phonemes) à [im-].                     
The morpheme in- which attaches to the bases with the phoneme /k/ in initial position will change to /iŋ-/. The phone [ŋ] is not symbolized by the orthographic symbol but we can hear this sound when it is pronounced rapidly  as explained above. The examples are as follows:

            Prefix              Base /k/                       Derived word

            in-                    complete                      incomplete         / iŋkmpli:t/
            in-                    correct                         incorrect          /iŋkrekt/
            in-                    consistent                     inconsistent      /iŋknsistnt/

The morphophonemic process of the prefix in- to iŋ- is illustrated as: {in-} + base (the phoneme /k/) à / iŋ-/.                  
The morpheme in- which attaches to the bases with liquid phonemes in initial position will change to liquid phonemes. The morpheme in- in this case will be pronounced like the phone of the liquid phonemes which follow it. The examples are as follows:

            Prefix              Base /liquids/              Derived word

            in-                    legal                            illegal
            in-                    rational                        irrational

The morphophonemic process of the change of the prefix in- to liquids is illustrated as: {in-} + base (initial liquid phonemes) à / liquids/.                     
 The morpheme in- which attaches to the bases with vowel phonemes in initial position will be pronounced  /in-/. The examples are as follows:

            Prefix              Base /liquids/              Derived word

            in-                    efficient                        inefficient

The morphophonemic process of the change of the prefix in- with vowels is illustrated as: {in-} + base (initial vowel phonemes) à /in-/. Based on the explanation above, the morpheme {in-}has the allomorphs /im-/, /iŋ-/, /ir-/,/il-/ and /in-/ and can be illustrated as follows:

                                     /im-/
                                     /iŋ-/
            {in-}                /ir-/
                                     /il-/
                                    /in-/

          morpheme         allomorphs
 

3.1.3 Prefix re-
             The prefix re- is the derivational bound morpheme attached to verbs to form  new verbs. The meaning of the prefix re- is ‘again’. Look at the examples below:

            Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning

                                    (Verb)                         (Verb)
            re-                    adjust                           readjust                       ‘adjust again’
            re-                    arrange                       rearrange                    ‘arrange again’
            re-                    consider                       reconsider                   ‘consider again’
            re-                    construct                      reconstruct                  ‘construct again’
            re-                    count                           recount                        ‘count again’  
            re-                    decorate                      redecorate                   ‘decorate again’
            re-                    pay                              repay                           ‘pay again’     
            re-                    print                             reprint                         ‘print again’
            re-                    select                           reselect                        ‘select again’
            re-                    write                            rewrite                         ‘write again’

            Based on the examples above, the rule of prefix re- attached to verbs can be stated as: {re-} + VERB à new VERB. This rule says that  the prefix re- attached to a verb creates a new verb. The new verb as the derived word is indicated by the change of meaning  ‘again’.


3.1.4 Prefix dis-
            The prefix dis- is a derivational morpheme which can be attached to verbs to form new verbs. This prefix has several meanings but its basic meaning is ‘not’

            Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning

                                    (Verb)                         (Verb)
            dis-                  agree                           disagree                       ‘not agree’
            dis-                  allow                           disallow                       ‘refuse to allow’
            dis-                  appear                         disappear                    ‘be seen no more’
            dis-                  believe                         disbelieve                     ‘refuse to believe’
            dis-                  like                               dislike                          ‘not like’
            dis-                  close                            disclose                        ‘allow to be seen’
            dis-                  connect                        disconnect                   ‘take apart’
            dis-                  continue                       discontinue                  ‘give up’
            dis-                  obey                             disobey                        ‘not obey’

Based on the examples above, the rule of the prefix dis- attached to verbs can be stated as:  {dis-}+ VERB à new VERB. The new verb is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix dis- brings the basic meaning ‘not’ to the verb.
            The prefix dis- can be attached to nouns to form new nouns. The following are the examples.

            Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning

                                    (Noun)                        (Noun)
            dis-                  advantage                    disadvantage               ‘unfavorable
                                                                                                             condition’
            dis-                  comfort                        discomfort                   ‘absence of comfort’
            dis-                  harmony                      disharmony                 ‘lack of harmony’
            dis-                  honor                           dishonor                      ‘absence of honor’

Based on the examples above, the rule of the prefix dis- attached to nouns can be stated as:  {dis-}+ NOUN à new NOUN. The new noun is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix dis- brings the basic meaning ‘not’ to the noun.
The prefix dis- can also be attached to adjectives to form new adjectives. The examples are as follows:

            Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning

                                    (Adjective)                  (Adjective)
            dis-                  able                             disable                         ‘make unable to do
                                                                                                             something’
            dis-                  honest                          dishonest                     ‘not honest’
            dis-                  similar                         dissimilar                     ‘not similar’

Based on the examples above, the rule of the prefix dis- attached to adjectives can be stated as:  {dis-}+ ADJECTIVE à new ADJECTIVE. The new adjective is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix dis- brings the basic meaning ‘not’ to the adjectives. The prefix  dis- attached to verbs are more productive than that attached to nouns and adjectives (Bauer, 1983 : 220). 

3.1.5 Prefix mis-        
            The prefix mis- is the derivational bound morpheme attached to verbs to form new verbs. The new meaning created by this prefix is ‘wrong’. The following is the list of verbs to which the prefix mis- can be attached.

            Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning

                                    (Verb)                         (Verb)
            mis-                 direct                           misdirect                      ‘direct wrongly’
            mis-                 judge                           misjudge                      ‘judge wrongly’
            mis-                 match                          mismatch                     ‘match wrongly’
            mis-                 quote                           misquote                      ‘quote wrongly’
            mis-                 remember                    misremember              ‘remember wrongly’
            mis-                 understand                  misunderstand             ‘understand wrongly’

Based on the examples above, the rule of the prefix mis- attached to verbs can be stated as:  {mis-}+ VERB à new VERB. The new verb is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix mis- brings the basic meaning ‘wrong’ to the verb.

3.1.6 Prefix pre-
           
            The prefix re- is the derivational bound morpheme attached to verbs to form new verbs. The new meaning created by this prefix is ‘before’. The following is the list of verbs to which the prefix pre- can be attached.

            Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning

                                    (Verb)                         (Verb)
            pre-                  arrange                       prearrange                  ‘arrange before’
            pre-                  cook                             precook                       ‘cook before’
            pre-                  determine                    predetermine               ‘determine before’
            pre-                  select                           preselect                      ‘select before’
            pre-                  wash                            prewash                       wash before’               

Based on the examples above, the rule of the prefix pre- attached to verbs can be stated as:  {pre-}+ VERB à new VERB. The new verb is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix pre- brings the meaning ‘before’ to the verb.

3.1.7 Prefix a-
            The prefix a- is a derivational morpheme which can be attached to adjectives to form new adjectives. This prefix has several meanings but its basic meaning is ‘not’


            Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning

                                    (Adjective)                  (Adjective)
            a-                     moral                           amoral                         ‘not concerned with
 morals’
            a-                     political                       apolitical                     ‘uninvolved  with
  politics’
            a-                     typical                          atypical                        ‘not typical ’
            a-                     sexual                          asexual                        ‘without sex’
            a-                     social                           asocial


3.2 Derivational Suffixes
           
            Most of the derivational suffixes in English change the part of speech. The derivational suffixes which do not change the part of speech are not as many as the derivational prefixes. The derivational suffixes which do not change the part of speech are –ist in artist and dentist; -ian in musician and librarian; and -hood in childhood, neighborhood, brotherhood, and motherhood. The following is the description of derivational affixes which change the part of speech.

3.2.1 Noun-Forming Suffix
            Noun-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which change the words or morphemes to nouns. The following is the explanation of derivational suffixes which form nouns

3.2.1.1 Suffix –er
            The suffix –er attached to a verb is a derivational morpheme which change   verbs to a noun. The suffix creates a new meaning ‘a person who performs an action’. The following are the examples of the suffix –er attached to verbs.

            Base                Suffix              Derived word            

            (Verb)                                     (Noun)

            box                  -er                    boxer                          
            drive                -er                    driver                          
            kill                   -er                    killer                             
            paint                -er                    painter                        
            sing                  -er                    singer                         
            speak               -er                    speaker                       
            teach                -er                    teacher                                  
            train                 -er                    trainer                        
            write                -er                    writer                          


3.2.1.2  Suffix –ment
The suffix –ment  is the derivational morphemes which can be attached to some verbs to form nouns . This suffix brings the new meaning ‘abstract noun’ . The following are the examples of the suffix –ment  attached to verbs.

            Base                Suffix              Derived word            

            (Verb)                                     (Noun)
            agree               -ment               agreement                  
            develop            -ment               development
            argue               -ment               argument
            commit                        -ment               commitment
govern             -ment               government
            move                -ment               movement

3.2.1.3 suffix –ness
The suffix –ness  is the derivational morphemes which can be attached to adjectives to form nouns expressing  a state or a condition. The following are the examples of the suffix –ness  attached to adjectives.

            Base                Suffix              Derived word            

            (Adjective)                              (Noun)
            bright               -ness                brightness                   
            bitter                -ness                bitterness                    
            happy              -ness               happiness       
            hard                 -ness                hardness                     
            lonely               -ness                loneliness                    
            sad                   -ness                sadness


3.2.1.4   Suffix –ion        
The suffix –ion  is the derivational morpheme which can be attached to verbs to form nouns . The following are the examples of the suffix –ion  attached to verbs.

            Base                Suffix              Derived word            

            (Verb)                                     (Noun)

            educate            -ion                  education
            discuss             -ion                  discussion
            act                   -ion                  action
3.2.2        Adjective-Forming Suffixes

            Adjective-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which change the words or morphemes to adjectives. The following is the explanation of derivational suffixes which form adjectives


3.2.2.1 Suffixe –able
             The suffix –able is the derivational morpheme which changes the bases to adjective. In this case, the bases can be either verbs or nouns. The following are the examples:

            Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word                       

             (Verb)                                                            (Adjective)

            eat                               -able                            eatable
            predict                         -able                            predictable
read                             -able                            readable
sink                              -able                            unsinkable
            understand                  -able                            understandable
            wash                            -able                            washable
            write                            -able                            writable

           

            Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word                       

             (Noun)                       (Adjective)

            comfort                        -able                            comfortable                            
            market                         -able                            marketable                             
            profit                            -able                            profitable                    


3.2.2.2 Suffix –ful
             The suffix –ful is the derivational morpheme which changes the bases to adjective. In this case, the bases are nouns. The following are the examples:

            Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word
            (Noun)                                                            (Adjective)
            beauty                          -ful                               beautiful
            care                             -ful                               careful
            use                               -ful                               useful
            wonder                        -ful                               wonderful
            pain                             -ful                               painful
           

3.2.2.3 Suffix -less
            Like suffix –ful, the suffix –less is the derivational morpheme which changes the bases to adjective. In this case, the bases are nouns. The following are the examples:

            Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word
            (Noun)                                                            (Adjective)
home                           -less                             homeless
use                               -less                             useless
care                             -less                             careless

3.2.3 Verb-Forming Suffixes
            Verb-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which change the words or morphemes to verbs. The following is the explanation of derivational suffixes which form verbs
           
3.2.3.1  Suffix –en

            Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word
            (Adjective)                                                      (Verb)

wide                             -en                               widen
ripe                              -en                               ripen
sharp                           -en                               sharpen
short                            -en                               shorten

3.2.3.2 Suffix –ify
            The suffix –ify is the derivational morphemes which change the base to verb. The base can be adjective and noun. The examples are as follows:

            Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word
            (Adjective)                                                      (Verb)

clear                             -ify                              clarify
pure                             -ify                              purify
specific                        -ify                              specify

            Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word
            (Noun)                                                            (Verb)
identity                        -ify                              identify
beauty                         -ify                              beautify

3.2.3.3 Suffix –ize
            The suffix –ize is the derivational morphemes which change the base to verb.  The base can be nouns and adjective The examples are as follows:
            Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word
            (Noun)                                                            (Verb)
apology                       -ize                              apologize
memory                       -ize                              memorize
victim                          -ize                              victimize

            Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word
            (Adjective)                                                      (Verb)
local                             -ize                              localize
real                              -ize                              realize
mobile                         -ize                              mobilize  
vocal                            -ize                              vocalize



3.2.4 Adverb-Forming Suffixes
            Adverb-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which change the words or morphemes to adverbs. The following are the examples of derivational suffixes which form adverbs


            Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word
            (Adjective)                                                      (Adverb)

clear                            -ly                                clearly
beautiful                      -ly                                beautifully
careful                         -ly                                carefully
angry                           -ly                                angrily
loud                             -ly                                loudly
slow                             -ly                                slowly
happy                          -ly                                happily

4. Conclusion
            Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of language. They are meaningful because they have either lexical or grammatical meaning. Morphemes can be classified into two namely free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free morphemes are those which can meaningfully stand alone while bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot meaningfully stand alone. It means that bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes are also called affixes which can be prefixes, infixes, or suffixes. Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes or affixes which derive (create) new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both English only has prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes can be inflectional or derivational. In English, derivational morphemes can be prefixes and suffixes. In English, all prefixes are derivational but most of the prefixes in English do not change part of speech. Only several prefixes change the part of speech  On the other hand, most derivational English suffixes change part of speech. Only small number of suffixes do not change part of speech.
            The English prefixes which change the part of speech, for example, are  en-. which changes the bases into verbs, en-which changes the noun to verb and  a- which changes noun to  adverb. The other prefixes which do not change the part of speech are un-, in-, dis-, re-, mis-, pre-, and a-. The English suffixes which change part of speech can be noun-forming suffixes such as –er,  –ment, – ness, and –ion; adjective-forming suffixes such as –full and –less;  verb-forming suffixes such as –en, –ify, and –ize; and adverb forming suffixes such as –ly.  


REFERENCES

Bauer, Laurie. 1983. English Word Formation. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bauer, Laurie. 1988.  Introducing  Linguistic  MorphologyEdinburghEdinburgh
University Press.

Fromkin, Victoria  A. 1990.  An  Introduction  to  Language.  Sydney: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich  Group (Australia) Pty Limited.

Hornby, AS. 1986.  Oxford Advanced Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.

Lim Kiat Boey. 1975.  An  Introduction  to  Linguistics  for  the  Language  Teacher.
Singapore: Singapore University Press.

Sari, Nirmala. 1988. An Introduction to Linguistics. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan
Kebudayaan.

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